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With the global challenge that casted the attention of most environmentalist of recent is the crude oil spillage, and the need for extensive research to improving and developing viable natural sorbents for oil clean-up arose. This paper aimed at the synthesis of crude oil sorbents from kenaf shive and investigate the effects of initiator concentration, monomer ratio and particle sizes -in the domain of 0.5-2.5 wt%, 0.5-2.0 wt % and 125-1000 µm respectively- on the grafting efficiency and crude oil sorption. The effects of the individual and combine factors were carried out using a statistical experimental design matrix of five-level central composite design (CCD). Respond surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise and develop equations for synthesis navigation. The optimal sorption 7.0 g/g was achieved at initiator concentration, monomer ratio and particle size of 1.25wt %, 1.50 wt % and 562µm respectively. FIRT, DT-TGA and XRD analyses were carried out on the optimised sorbent. Further computations for grafting efficiency (GE), homopolymers and density were carried out.

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Alkyd resin was prepared from shear butter oil (SBO) using the two step procedures; alcoholysis and polyesterification. The oil and alkyd resin were characterized and evaluated by standard methods, for their physico-chemical properties. The analysis showed that the alkyd resin based on Shea butter oil recorded average acid value of 15.2 (mgNaOH/g), iodine value (98.0 mg/g), PH value 6.7, density 1.36 g/cm3 , formaldehyde value of 0.05 ppm, saponification value 842.0 mgKOH/g, and Drying time 6000 seconds. The FT-IR studies showed that, the ester formation is indicated by C = O band at 1723 cm-1 and C – O band at 1201 cm-1 , and the aromatic C = C double bond at 1617 cm-1 band.

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The main problem in dyeing cotton fabrics with reactive dyes is the low affinity of the fabrics for the dyes due to the negative charge acquired by the fabrics in aqueous medium which led to repulsion between the anion of the dye and the negative charge of fabrics. To overcome such repulsion, large amount of electrolyte is required to improve the affinity of the fabrics for reactive dyes. This leads to the discharge of highly coloured effluent with high salt content, which causes unavoidable threat to the environment. These problems can be overcome by modifying the surface properties of the cotton fabrics to improve its substantivity so as to develop salt free reactive dyeing. In this study, environment friendly approach of cationization of cotton using chitosan was employed. Dyeing properties of cotton fabrics treated with chitosan was compared with that of the untreated fabrics using FTIR spectral analysis. Dye exhaustion and the fastness was investigated using UVvisible spectrophotometric analysis. The results have shown improvement in dye exhaustion for chitosan treated fabrics in reactive dyeing in the absence of salts. The colour fastness properties of the treated fabrics were also improved compared to the untreated fabrics

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Application of natural indigo vat dye is a popular traditional craft among many Nigerians particularly Hausa and Nupe in the north, Tiv in the middle belt and Yoruba in the west. Due to continuing decline of traditional indigo dyeing and availability of synthetic dyes, most occupational dyeing in Kano metropolis today is done with vat dyes and chemicals. The aim of this paper is to assess the demographic/socio-economic characteristics of the dyers as well as the nature and composition of the dyeing enterprises in Kano metropolis. The study was conducted among 1387 dyers and further information was obtained through focus group discussion, observation and records. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics (frequency and average) using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software. Findings revealed that majority of the dyers were male within the age range of 18 to 65 years (mean= 31.27± 7.59). Most of the dyers are natives with some level of western education. They have varying job specifications where majority have learnt the art of dyeing by apprenticeship with work experience ranging from 5 to 31 years (mean= 11.11± 5.01) and about one half of them earning more than the minimum wage for civil servants in Nigeria. Vast majority of the dyers work as informal groups employing huge labour and operating in the neighbourhood of residential houses. The study recommends that the dyers should be encouraged to become formal in order to gain from Federal Governments’ incentive to entrepreneurship development. The State Government in its part should create effective policies and intervention strategies that will sustain and improve on the venture since it has propensity to employ huge labour

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The incorporation of synthetic blue vat dye and its derivatives in Nigeria since the 1930s reflected significant development within the dyeing industry where the dyers had to acquire new skills and the technical know-how in the use of this new line of ingredient. The aim of this paper is to assess the operations of occupational vat dyeing enterprises in Kano metropolis. The study was conducted among 1387 dyers and further information was obtained through focus group discussion with dyers and cloth vendors, observation and measurement. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics (frequency and average) using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software. Findings revealed that the dyers offer services such as plain and patterned dyeing of fabric and garment, redyeing of faded garment, and dyeing of fashion accessories/household items to customers in the neighbourhood and from other states and other countries as well as cloth vendors by hand dyeing using firewood as fuel, water purchased from vendors, and synthetic vat dye, auxiliary chemicals, and material to be dyed as raw-materials. Most of the dyers work on customer demand and are more engaged weeks before festive periods. The study suggests creating and implementing effective policies that will ban importation of coloured textiles especially from China, subsidize the cost of dyes and chemicals, and tackle insecurity such as Boko-Haram insurgency and banditry which threaten businesses in this part of the country. The dyers should also be encouraged to become formal to be able to seek for infrastructural development from the state government

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In traditional indigo dyeing it takes up to 45 days to ferment (reduce) the dye but with the advent of synthetic vat blue and the development of sodium dithionite the dyeing process becomes relatively short. Additionally, there is no standard process in vat dyeing. The aim of this paper is to assess the step-by-step vat dyeing processes in Kano metropolis in relation to industrial practices. This crossectional descriptive study was conducted among 1387 dyers together with focus group discussion, observation and measurement. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics (frequency and average) using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software. Results showed that the dyeing process is entirely manual and the dyers can apply the dye using different procedures with some similarities, modifications, and differences in relation to industrial practices. The dyeing venture may not live to its full potential due to shortcomings related to the quality of the dyed materials. In order to improve on the dyeing processes, it is recommended for related departments in academic institutions to collaborate with the major dyeing enterprises in terms of research/innovation and placement of students under Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). Furthermore, government should introduce tie-dye among entrepreneurship courses offered in tertiary institutions to enable interested students acquire chemistry background of the dyeing processes. (Remove italics)

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The research aimed at fabrication and characterization of Flambouyant Seed Particles (FSP) filled unsaturated polyester (UP) composites. The composites fabrication was achieved via hand layup with particle size of 100 µm at different filler loading of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 wt %. The composites were characterized by tensile properties and density. The result showed an increase in tensile strength, tensile modulus, and density as the filler loading increased to optimum values of 37.02 MPa, 0.47 GPa and 1.25 g/cm3 respectively, and afterwards decreased with further increased filler loading. The % elongation at break increased on the addition of the filler to the matrix and marginally decreased as the filler loading increased. The optimum and minimum values of % elongation at break were 8.15 % and 5.46 % at 2 and 22 wt % respectively. The scanning electron micrograph of the 10 wt % sample shows better interaction between the FSP and the matrix when compared to the 20 wt % sample, with clear failure that indicates weak interfacial adhesion. Thus, improved interfacial interaction enhances the material’s mechanical properties

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This study sought acceptability of pointillism wall-hanging as a means of communication in corporate organization in Abeokuta. Multi-stage sampling technique and questionnaire was used to collect data from 160 respondents in Federal Medical Center (FMC) and Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and hypothesis with Chi Square. Result showed that (63.8%) respondents were male, female (36.4%), age (????̅= 49.9), married (72.5%), and well-educated above secondary school (68%). Majority in FUNAAB were administrative staff (74.3%) while FMC, Nurse (89.1%). Respondents’ were aware of pointillism painting wall-hangings (????̅=1.12), however do not know materials used in production (x ̅ = 0.94). Pointillism wall-hanging to communicate for each factor was acceptable; uniqueness- FMC (????̅= 3.04) and FUNAAB (????̅= 2.53); suitability- FMC (x ̅= 2.89) and FUNAAB (x ̅= 2.42); communication: FMC (x ̅= 2.93) and FUNAAB (????̅= 2.91); appearance- FMC (????̅= 3.05) and FUNAAB (????̅= 2.87) with overall acceptability score (????̿ = 2.87). The chi-square result of the hypothesis at p >0.5 reveals that there is no significant relationship between the socio-economic characteristics (gender (χ2 = 0.003); marital status (χ2 =3.582); educational qualification (χ2 =1.623); occupation (χ2 =1.467); place of work (χ2 =2.195)) of respondents and awareness of respondents on pointillism painting. In conclusion, respondents are aware of pointillism wall-hanging as a means of communication, many accepted the use for interior decoration as they can be used to teach and send signal or communicate effectively in any organization.

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Synthetic dyes used locally for dyeing of cotton fabrics comes with some consequential health implications.These synthetic dyes apart from being harzadous in nature, are also very expensive andsometimesinaccessible to some places for lack of funds to purchase them. It becomes imperative to extendresearchtoother sources of dyes precisely natural sources which are eco-friendly and medicinal in some cases. Thesedyes can be used by local dyers and even industries for the colouration of textile materials, food, cosmeticsand pharmaceuticals. The extraction of dye from roselle is hereby reported. The dye was extractedusingethanol as solvent by varying the extraction condition. A maximum yield of about 71.2%was obtained. Theextracted dye was applied on cotton fabric using chrome as mordant at varying dyeing conditions. Theresults of the analysis showed a good wash and light fastness