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A critical need for a more sustainable approach to oil spill cleanup in Nigeria, especially the NigerDelta,was highlighted by the environmental and economic devastation documented in the 2011 UnitedNationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) assessment of Ogoni land. Existing cleanup methods relying onsyntheticsorbents proved expensive, logistically challenging, and harmful to the environment due totheirnon-biodegradable nature. This research investigated the potential of natural coir fibers, a readily availableandlow-cost resource in Nigeria, as an alternative. The inherent advantages of coir, such as lowdensity,appropriate stif ness, disposability, and renewability, make it a promising candidate. The researchexploredmodifying coir fibers through acetylation to improve their oil absorption and reusability. Sorptionexperiments and oil recovery assessments were conducted to evaluate the ef ectiveness of the modifiedcoirsorbent. Additionally, FT-IR, XRD, and TGA analyses were employed to understand the material propertiesand the impact of the treatment. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the potential ofutilizing natural coir fibers as a sustainable solution for oil spill cleanup in Nigeria.

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The security situation in Nigeria has become increasingly alarming and is a matter of grave concern. This pervasive insecurity has negatively impacted every aspect of life in the country and has persisted for over two decades. The situation continues to deteriorate, with the proliferation of armed groups in various regions, leading to frequent occurrences of kidnapping, insurgency, and attacks on lives and property. Despite the government’s efforts, including military interventions and other strategies, little progress has been made. A comprehensive approach to addressing Nigeria’s security challenges is urgently needed. One promising avenue involves the integration of smart textiles, which are advanced textile products—such as fibres, filaments, and yarns—that are woven, knitted, or non-woven and can interact with their environment. These textiles have the potential to perform functions related to communication, energy transformation, and conduction, and even to adapt or grow in response to stimuli. Smart textiles are capable of sensing and reacting to environmental conditions or stimuli from mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, magnetic, and other sources. This paper explores the potential of incorporating smart textiles into fields such as medicine, fashion, and home economics as part of a broader strategy to combat insecurity in Nigeria. It recommends that the government prioritize improving the standard of living, particularly for the youth, and that the fashion industry focus on producing clothing embedded with smart textiles to enhance safety, particularly in military uniforms and protective outfits. Additionally, smart textiles should be utilized in healthcare settings to monitor biological factors, facilitate health therapy, and improve the accuracy of surgical procedures, thereby making medical care more efficient and precise

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Crude oil is generally one of the most important raw materials and energy sources worldwide. The accidental discharge of oil into the environment during production, transportation, refining, tanker accidents, sabotage and oil bunkering causes adverse effects on aquatic life and human economic activities. The current challenge is to produce effective materials that are environmentally friendly from bio-based resources to replace the synthetic sorbents which are hazardous to the ecosystem integrity and non-biodegradable. This research explored the potential of using a blend of jute and coir fibres as a substitute for polypropylene fibres in a structured material designed for crude oil spill cleanup. To determine the viability of this substitution, buoyancy tests were conducted on the blended materials at various blending ratios. These tests aimed to evaluate the floating capability and stability of the blended fibres when exposed to crude oil spills. Moreover, comprehensive sorption tests were performed, analyzing the absorption efficiency of the blended material in both crude oil and a mixture of seawater and crude oil. These tests also included assessments of water uptake under static and dynamic conditions, providing a thorough understanding of the material’s behavior in realworld spill scenarios. The results indicated that replacing up to 50%-75% of polypropylene fibres with jute and coir fibres showed significant potential, demonstrating comparable or superior performance in absorbing crude oil while maintaining buoyancy. This research underscores the feasibility of using natural fibres as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic materials in oil spill cleanup efforts, highlighting their potential to reduce environmental impact without compromising the effectiveness of the cleanup process

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Natural and synthetic fibre hybrid composites are becoming more popular in engineering due to their ecofriendliness, lightweight nature, and low cost. This study focused on creating Maize Cob (MC)/Glass Fibre (GF) hybrid Epoxy Resin (ER) composites using hand-lay-up techniques with a 10% filler content. Various filler combinations (1%GF/9%MC, 7%GF/3%MC, 5%GF/5%MC, 3%GF/7%MC) in 90% ER were tested for physical and mechanical properties. The findings revealed that density decreased with higher filler content, ranging from 1.52 to 1.20 g/cm³, and water absorption increased due to voids and agglomeration. The 5%GF/5%MC/ER composite demonstrated good tensile strength (67.65 MPa) and flexural strength (60.79 MPa) owing to effective filler-matrix integration, while impact strength improved significantly from 1.73 J/m for 100% ER to 2.48 J/m for 5%GF/5%MC/ER. The study concluded that MC/GF hybrid epoxy resin composites offer a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to waste disposal and management.

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Nigeria, a West African country, is currently facing significant economic and security challenges, particularly in its northern regions. The nation's economy is heavily dependent on the oil sector, and it grapples with a high level of youth unemployment, which is a major contributor to the insecurity in the country. There is an urgent need to diversify the economy to provide employment opportunities for the burgeoning youth population. Achieving comprehensive socioeconomic development in Nigeria necessitates considering the ceramic and textile industries as key areas for economic diversification. Revitalizing these industries could help mitigate social vices such as banditry, Boko Haram insurgency, and kidnapping, which are prevalent in the northern parts of the country and are linked to high unemployment rates. This paper identifies the factors that led to the decline of the ceramic and textile manufacturing sectors in Nigeria. It also highlights the potential role of these industries in addressing the country's security challenges and in providing employment, which is crucial for mitigating insecurity.

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Indigo dyeing is far from thriving in Nigeria and therefore youths in Kano metropolis includingtraditionalindigo dyers of “Kofar Mata” follow the trend of dyeing textiles with synthetic vat dyes andchemicals.Currently, competition with the Chinese and high cost of chemicals are likely to render over 30,000dyersand traders jobless. The aim of the research is to determine the challenges and prospects of vat dyeingoccupation in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered among1387dyersselected purposively together with focus group discussions with dyers and vendors from‘Kantin-Kwari’cloth market. Findings revealed that among the challenges faced by the dyers, lack of capital, highcost ofproduction, low patronage and competition with imported textiles are more prevalent. The dyers believedthat the venture/occupation was lucrative before the 3 rd quarter of 2015 basically because the Country’seconomy was better and there was little or no competition with the Chinese in the dyeing business asat thatperiod. Most of the dyers can dye over 20000 yards (> 18288 m) of fabric weekly as at then but thenumberhas reduced to not more than 400 yards (not >365.76 m) at present due to the current economy andforeigncompetition. The dyers believe that government can help revive the dyeing occupation especiallybyimproving the economy and banning importation of coloured textiles which will otherwise subject themtothe same fate as traditional indigo dyers.

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Entrepreneurship in fashion Industry is a substantial issue, since the fashion business is facing challenges of competition in the fashion market. The challenges of struggling to provide adequate services and delightful fashion products has caused setback in the fashion Industry. Researchers explain that 70% are manual production with the use of cardboard, scissors and tape rule that is time wasting and most times are poorly executed. Most of the business enterprises expected profit in the business but impatience drives most out of the business, due to low patronage of a particular products. The Paper therefore recommends the use of 3D Fashion equipment to improve the entrepreneurship fashion industries in particular and Textiles family at large

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A novel structured sorbent blend pillow was developed using acetylated jute and coir fibres blendedwithnatural kapok fibres. The acetylation of the jute and coir portion was carried out with acetic anhydrideusing N-Bromosuccinimide as catalyst under mild condition in a solvent free system. The results showsthatthe acetylation increases the oil sorption capacity of the blend sorbent to 1.5 times higher withacleaningef iciency of about 90% when compared with synthetic sorbent polypropylene fibre as a control sample. Onthe other hand, the total replacement of polypropylene portion of the blend with natural unmodifiedkapokfibres increases the oil sorption capacities of the blend 10 times higher in the first cycle withcleaningef iciency of 95%. Therefore, jute, coir, and kapok fibres that are abundant as wastes are good for useasoilsorbent-active materials regardless of whether they are modified or unmodified to enhancetheiroleopholicity. Hence, can be used to substitute non-biodegradable materials in oil spill clean-up exercise

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Since the 1930s synthetic dyes and chemicals are being used in Nigeria where occupational dyers in Kano metropolis followed suit. Exposure to these chemicals may likely endanger the dyers depending on safety practices performed on the job and health effects may be exerted directly at the site of application (affecting workers) and/or later in the life cycle (affecting the consumers of the dyed articles). The aim of this paper is to assess chemical exposure, potential hazards, and safety practices related to occupational dyers in Kano metropolis. A structured questionnaire was administered among 1387 dyers and further information was obtained through focus group discussion and observation. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics (frequency and average) using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software. Findings revealed that health workers enlightened many dyers on chemical toxicity. Most of the dyers use adequate protection to avoid dermal contact but may be vulnerable to the effects of oral and inhalation exposure to chemicals, extreme heat, as well as musculo-skeletal illnesses. The dyers experienced symptoms related to occupational exposure to vat dyes and hydros and also suffered caustic soda burns in the past. The study recommends that relevant government agencies/ministries should test the toxicity of chemicals coming into the state, impose the provision of material safety data sheet by wholesale and retail colour vendors and make the use of complete personal protective equipment by the dyers mandatory.

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This study forms an important basis on which a natural dye was extracted from Eucalyptus bark, obtained at federal university Dutse, Jigawa state at different extraction conditions. The dye was extracted at different temperatures with various stirring time. For the extraction process, the effect of stirring was sporadic and the dye extract obtained at boiling after soaking overnight have the maximum colour strength. The dyeing condition was optimized by dyeing four more samples of cotton fabrics at various temperature viz 40 o C, 60 o C, 80 o C, and 100 o C respectively. Maximum colour strength was obtained at 100 °C which is the optimized dyeing temperature. The optimum sodium sulphate concentration required for best degree of exhaustion was obtained, by dyeing six more samples at the optimized temperature (100 °C) for 60 minutes each with 0 g/L, 20 g/L, 40 g/L, 60 g/L, 80 g/L, 100 g/L sodium sulphate respectively, it was found that the dyeing at 100 g/L yields the maximum colour strength. To obtain the optimum dyeing time, 6 more samples were dyed at the optimized dyeing temperature and electrolyte concentration for 20 minutes, 40 minutes, 60 minutes, 80 minutes, 100 minutes, and 120 minutes, respectively. The dye extract from the optimized conditions was used to dye cotton fabric, by direct dyeing method, in an attempt to attain desirable fastness properties by comparing the fastness properties of dyeing with different dyeing techniques

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This paper examines the garment engineering industry in Lagos, Nigeria, highlighting its role as a source of employment, income, and foreign exchange. However, the industry faces challenges due to the increasing demand for short-lived, trendy clothing driven by technological advancements and changing social norms. The study focuses on how garment producers’ socio-cultural values and economic motivations influence product development within the industry. Conducted in ten urban areas of Lagos, the research involved 847 producers and employed a mix of data collection methods, including interviews, questionnaires, and focus groups. The study found that while producers are mostly well-educated women (66.7%) entering the field due to financial reasons, their skills and access to resources limit product development. Despite moderate knowledge and some informal training, expensive equipment and materials hinder innovation. Interestingly, social and economic factors like communication and business models significantly influence success. The findings suggest an average level of product development performance within the Lagos garment engineering industry. The study recommends making resources more affordable and establishing a government-supported training center to improve the industry’s overall performance.

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The research investigated effects of alkaline treatment and particle size on physical and mechanical properties of melon-husk (MH) filled expandable polystyrene composites. In the process, MH particulate material size of 75 µm, 150 µm, 300 µm, and 600 µm were prepared and modified with alkaline (1%, 2 %, and 3 %,) based on weight volume fraction. The modified fillers, Melonhusk-cellulose (MHC) were analyzed using FTIR after which were subsequently compounded with expandable polystyrene at filler loading to matrix ratio of 25/75 % on a two roll mill compounding machine. The compounded material was passed through a molding and compression machine and after which was cut into dimensions required for analysis and characterization of samples. The result showed that composite prepared with 75 µm particle size and treated with 1 % alkaline has better physical and mechanical properties. The average density and water absorption of the composite was found to be 0.75 gcm-3 and 0.78 % respectively. The tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and elongation at break of the composite were measured and found to be 34.87 MPa, 0.4478 GPa and 8.369 % respectively. The composite had flexural strength and modulus of 56.716 MPa and 2.958 GPa respectively

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This study investigated the position of the textile and garment sector in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic which has caused economic loss to all industries across the world through necessary measures observed to stop its spread. In this study, 150 questionnaires were produced for north-central, north-west, and northeast for data collection. The study’s results revealed that a high number of respondents from north-central, northwest, and northeast indicated that textiles have assisted greatly in curbing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the same vein, most respondents from north-central, north-west, and north-east strongly agreed that garment producers have contributed greatly by producing face masks to mitigate the spread of the virus. Our results also revealed that most of the respondents indicated that they provided the face masks they wore in fighting the spread of the virus for themselves compared to those who indicated that their face masks were provided by government, non-governmental organizations and others. In addition, the results showed that high number of the respondents in the three geographical zones indicated that they wore their face masks all the time and most time, while few respondents indicated that they wore their face masks for less time while others did not wear at all. Moreover, the results further revealed that most respondents from the three zones indicated that they did not feel comfortable when they wore face masks, while only a few respondents indicated that they were comfortable with their face masks. It is therefore worthy to note that the face mask which is a product of the textile and garment sector played a very prominent role during the era of the Covid-19 pandemic.

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Africa is considered as the cradle of civilization, in view of its inventiveness in arts, science and technology. The visual art of native Africa, includes such media as sculpture, painting, pottery, rock art, textiles, masks, personal decoration, and jewelry. The premise of this article is to assess the possibility of using CorelDraw as software for illustration, graphic design, information visualization and pattern drafting. Its versatility as a vector-based imaging tool warrants the use of lines, shapes and colours to create exquisite 2-dimensional designs for application in different areas of industrial design like textiles, ceramics and graphics. For instance, the role colour plays in the ceramic and textile industries are vital to the appreciation of their value in any crafted product

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With the global challenge that casted the attention of most environmentalist of recent is the crude oil spillage, and the need for extensive research to improving and developing viable natural sorbents for oil clean-up arose. This paper aimed at the synthesis of crude oil sorbents from kenaf shive and investigate the effects of initiator concentration, monomer ratio and particle sizes -in the domain of 0.5-2.5 wt%, 0.5-2.0 wt % and 125-1000 µm respectively- on the grafting efficiency and crude oil sorption. The effects of the individual and combine factors were carried out using a statistical experimental design matrix of five-level central composite design (CCD). Respond surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise and develop equations for synthesis navigation. The optimal sorption 7.0 g/g was achieved at initiator concentration, monomer ratio and particle size of 1.25wt %, 1.50 wt % and 562µm respectively. FIRT, DT-TGA and XRD analyses were carried out on the optimised sorbent. Further computations for grafting efficiency (GE), homopolymers and density were carried out.

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Alkyd resin was prepared from shear butter oil (SBO) using the two step procedures; alcoholysis and polyesterification. The oil and alkyd resin were characterized and evaluated by standard methods, for their physico-chemical properties. The analysis showed that the alkyd resin based on Shea butter oil recorded average acid value of 15.2 (mgNaOH/g), iodine value (98.0 mg/g), PH value 6.7, density 1.36 g/cm3 , formaldehyde value of 0.05 ppm, saponification value 842.0 mgKOH/g, and Drying time 6000 seconds. The FT-IR studies showed that, the ester formation is indicated by C = O band at 1723 cm-1 and C – O band at 1201 cm-1 , and the aromatic C = C double bond at 1617 cm-1 band.

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The main problem in dyeing cotton fabrics with reactive dyes is the low affinity of the fabrics for the dyes due to the negative charge acquired by the fabrics in aqueous medium which led to repulsion between the anion of the dye and the negative charge of fabrics. To overcome such repulsion, large amount of electrolyte is required to improve the affinity of the fabrics for reactive dyes. This leads to the discharge of highly coloured effluent with high salt content, which causes unavoidable threat to the environment. These problems can be overcome by modifying the surface properties of the cotton fabrics to improve its substantivity so as to develop salt free reactive dyeing. In this study, environment friendly approach of cationization of cotton using chitosan was employed. Dyeing properties of cotton fabrics treated with chitosan was compared with that of the untreated fabrics using FTIR spectral analysis. Dye exhaustion and the fastness was investigated using UVvisible spectrophotometric analysis. The results have shown improvement in dye exhaustion for chitosan treated fabrics in reactive dyeing in the absence of salts. The colour fastness properties of the treated fabrics were also improved compared to the untreated fabrics

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Application of natural indigo vat dye is a popular traditional craft among many Nigerians particularly Hausa and Nupe in the north, Tiv in the middle belt and Yoruba in the west. Due to continuing decline of traditional indigo dyeing and availability of synthetic dyes, most occupational dyeing in Kano metropolis today is done with vat dyes and chemicals. The aim of this paper is to assess the demographic/socio-economic characteristics of the dyers as well as the nature and composition of the dyeing enterprises in Kano metropolis. The study was conducted among 1387 dyers and further information was obtained through focus group discussion, observation and records. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics (frequency and average) using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software. Findings revealed that majority of the dyers were male within the age range of 18 to 65 years (mean= 31.27± 7.59). Most of the dyers are natives with some level of western education. They have varying job specifications where majority have learnt the art of dyeing by apprenticeship with work experience ranging from 5 to 31 years (mean= 11.11± 5.01) and about one half of them earning more than the minimum wage for civil servants in Nigeria. Vast majority of the dyers work as informal groups employing huge labour and operating in the neighbourhood of residential houses. The study recommends that the dyers should be encouraged to become formal in order to gain from Federal Governments’ incentive to entrepreneurship development. The State Government in its part should create effective policies and intervention strategies that will sustain and improve on the venture since it has propensity to employ huge labour

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The incorporation of synthetic blue vat dye and its derivatives in Nigeria since the 1930s reflected significant development within the dyeing industry where the dyers had to acquire new skills and the technical know-how in the use of this new line of ingredient. The aim of this paper is to assess the operations of occupational vat dyeing enterprises in Kano metropolis. The study was conducted among 1387 dyers and further information was obtained through focus group discussion with dyers and cloth vendors, observation and measurement. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics (frequency and average) using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software. Findings revealed that the dyers offer services such as plain and patterned dyeing of fabric and garment, redyeing of faded garment, and dyeing of fashion accessories/household items to customers in the neighbourhood and from other states and other countries as well as cloth vendors by hand dyeing using firewood as fuel, water purchased from vendors, and synthetic vat dye, auxiliary chemicals, and material to be dyed as raw-materials. Most of the dyers work on customer demand and are more engaged weeks before festive periods. The study suggests creating and implementing effective policies that will ban importation of coloured textiles especially from China, subsidize the cost of dyes and chemicals, and tackle insecurity such as Boko-Haram insurgency and banditry which threaten businesses in this part of the country. The dyers should also be encouraged to become formal to be able to seek for infrastructural development from the state government

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In traditional indigo dyeing it takes up to 45 days to ferment (reduce) the dye but with the advent of synthetic vat blue and the development of sodium dithionite the dyeing process becomes relatively short. Additionally, there is no standard process in vat dyeing. The aim of this paper is to assess the step-by-step vat dyeing processes in Kano metropolis in relation to industrial practices. This crossectional descriptive study was conducted among 1387 dyers together with focus group discussion, observation and measurement. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics (frequency and average) using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software. Results showed that the dyeing process is entirely manual and the dyers can apply the dye using different procedures with some similarities, modifications, and differences in relation to industrial practices. The dyeing venture may not live to its full potential due to shortcomings related to the quality of the dyed materials. In order to improve on the dyeing processes, it is recommended for related departments in academic institutions to collaborate with the major dyeing enterprises in terms of research/innovation and placement of students under Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). Furthermore, government should introduce tie-dye among entrepreneurship courses offered in tertiary institutions to enable interested students acquire chemistry background of the dyeing processes. (Remove italics)

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The research aimed at fabrication and characterization of Flambouyant Seed Particles (FSP) filled unsaturated polyester (UP) composites. The composites fabrication was achieved via hand layup with particle size of 100 µm at different filler loading of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 wt %. The composites were characterized by tensile properties and density. The result showed an increase in tensile strength, tensile modulus, and density as the filler loading increased to optimum values of 37.02 MPa, 0.47 GPa and 1.25 g/cm3 respectively, and afterwards decreased with further increased filler loading. The % elongation at break increased on the addition of the filler to the matrix and marginally decreased as the filler loading increased. The optimum and minimum values of % elongation at break were 8.15 % and 5.46 % at 2 and 22 wt % respectively. The scanning electron micrograph of the 10 wt % sample shows better interaction between the FSP and the matrix when compared to the 20 wt % sample, with clear failure that indicates weak interfacial adhesion. Thus, improved interfacial interaction enhances the material’s mechanical properties

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This study sought acceptability of pointillism wall-hanging as a means of communication in corporate organization in Abeokuta. Multi-stage sampling technique and questionnaire was used to collect data from 160 respondents in Federal Medical Center (FMC) and Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and hypothesis with Chi Square. Result showed that (63.8%) respondents were male, female (36.4%), age (????̅= 49.9), married (72.5%), and well-educated above secondary school (68%). Majority in FUNAAB were administrative staff (74.3%) while FMC, Nurse (89.1%). Respondents’ were aware of pointillism painting wall-hangings (????̅=1.12), however do not know materials used in production (x ̅ = 0.94). Pointillism wall-hanging to communicate for each factor was acceptable; uniqueness- FMC (????̅= 3.04) and FUNAAB (????̅= 2.53); suitability- FMC (x ̅= 2.89) and FUNAAB (x ̅= 2.42); communication: FMC (x ̅= 2.93) and FUNAAB (????̅= 2.91); appearance- FMC (????̅= 3.05) and FUNAAB (????̅= 2.87) with overall acceptability score (????̿ = 2.87). The chi-square result of the hypothesis at p >0.5 reveals that there is no significant relationship between the socio-economic characteristics (gender (χ2 = 0.003); marital status (χ2 =3.582); educational qualification (χ2 =1.623); occupation (χ2 =1.467); place of work (χ2 =2.195)) of respondents and awareness of respondents on pointillism painting. In conclusion, respondents are aware of pointillism wall-hanging as a means of communication, many accepted the use for interior decoration as they can be used to teach and send signal or communicate effectively in any organization.

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Synthetic dyes used locally for dyeing of cotton fabrics comes with some consequential health implications.These synthetic dyes apart from being harzadous in nature, are also very expensive andsometimesinaccessible to some places for lack of funds to purchase them. It becomes imperative to extendresearchtoother sources of dyes precisely natural sources which are eco-friendly and medicinal in some cases. Thesedyes can be used by local dyers and even industries for the colouration of textile materials, food, cosmeticsand pharmaceuticals. The extraction of dye from roselle is hereby reported. The dye was extractedusingethanol as solvent by varying the extraction condition. A maximum yield of about 71.2%was obtained. Theextracted dye was applied on cotton fabric using chrome as mordant at varying dyeing conditions. Theresults of the analysis showed a good wash and light fastness

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The causes, frequency and duration of each type of stoppage during weaving was studied for each loom in a typical medium-scale Textile manufacturing outfit. All operations performed and their duration during repair before the loom was restarted was noted. For 20 weaving machines, a total of 3199 stoppages were recorded in 24hrs which took a whopping 24,244 minutes to rectify. This is the equivalent of 404.07 hrs or 16.84 days. The loss in productivity is similar to stopping one machine for 16.84 days or 17 machines for approximately one day. These stoppages arose mainly from poor quality of raw materials, maintenance habits as well as employees’ attitude to work. A mathematical model for monitoring and control of weaving activities was formulated.

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The sources and pattern of supply of electrical energy in a typical medium-scale Textile manufacturing outfit was studied over three months. The frequency of power failure from municipal supply was 408, amounting to 929.64hrs power outage. Low voltage was recorded 98times totaling 156hrs. Much of these hours were covered by in-house supply. Comparison of rated and actual power consumption/annum showed the actual higher by 115.9 %. Stand-by generators, which supplied 49.57 % of the total energy consumed/annum, guzzled 52,110 litres of diesel and 42,240 litres of heavy-duty engine oil. Added to these are the costs of personnel running the four giant generators, lost production during power-source change-overs and other salient costs. Altogether, irregular municipal power supply and energy mismanagement amounted to losses running into millions of money units.

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The study investigated the influence of selected mordants and mordanting techniques on dyeing of cellulosic fabric with natural flavonoid dye extracted from onion outer scale. It was an effort to utilize the waste material in an efficient manner which could minimize the cost of dyeing. Aqueous extraction technique was used for the dye extraction. The selected mordants used are alum, potassium dichromate, ferrous sulphate and a mango bark. The three mordanting techniques which includes, chrome mordant process, metachrome process and after-chrome process were adopted. The dye obtained was characterized by colour, melting point, pH, UV-visible and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectrophotometry. The dye was applied on cotton cellulose and the results obtained show multiple colours owing to different mordants used. In all cases, after-chrome process gave the best colour characteristics with the most brilliant colours on fabrics and good colour fastness with all mordants.

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A global challenge that has cast the attention of most environmentalist of recent is the crude oil spillage, and the need for extensive study of improving and developing viable natural sorbents in recent years is increasing due to the enormous negative environmental impact of oilspill to the surroundings and the inhabitants. In this paper, crude oil sorbents were developed by varying initiator concentration, monomer ratio and particle sizes from 0.5-2.5wt%, 0.5-2.0wt % and 125-1000µm respectively. The effect studies of the individual and combine factors was carried out using a statistical experimental design matrix using fivelevel central composite design (CCD). Respond surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise and develop equations of the aforementioned variables (initiator concentration, monomer ratio and particle sizes). The optimal absorption- 516% as swelling capacity and 267% lower retention - was achieved at initiator concentration, monomer ratio and particle size of 1.25wt %, 1.50wt % and 562µm respectively. Instrumental analysis were carried out on the optimized sorbent such as: DT-TGA, XRD. However, FIRT analysis was carried out on the unmodified (raw kenaf shive) and modified sorbents. Further computations were done for grafting efficiency (GE), homopolymers and density

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The Paper examines Textile Design in Nigeria as a panacea for youth and industrial development. The rising unemployment rate in Nigeria and its associated socio-economic vices have in recent times been one of the major problems both the federal and state governments are seeking their lasting solutions. The paper provides needed solutions by exploring skills acquisition in textile design which includes leather production, beads making, batik, tie and dye, fashion design as necessary tools for self-reliance. The paper exposes the numerous opportunities that can be harnessed by youths with the desired skills in textile design.

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Nigeria is a great nation endowed with abundant natural resources and population. These resources however are under-utilized and as a result of this, it has really affected the lives of people negatively, rendering them poorer every day. The unfavourable economic situation has driven many people into the labour market and has made it difficult for them to be employed. This unemployment has affected the unemployed individuals, the society and the economy of the nation and has resulted in abject poverty. High rate of unemployment and poverty level have robbed Nigeria citizens their contributions to economic growth and development. It is against this background that this paper takes a good look at “Eradicating unemployment and poverty through textile entrepreneurship for a sustainable economic development in Nigeria”. The aim of this paper is to discuss how textile entrepreneurship could translate to eradicate unemployment and poverty and encourage a sustainable development. In addition, this paper explains what unemployment and poverty means, their causes and implication. It also highlights entrepreneurship and entrepreneur, enumerates the prospects of textile entrepreneurship, gives some recommendations and concludes by stating that emphasis should be laid on practical aspects of textile entrepreneurship so as to produce productive people who will be self-reliant, creating jobs for themselves and for others and as well contribute immensely to economic development of the Nation

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Injection moulding technique was used to prepare composites of waste low density polyethylene (WLDPE) filled with bovine fibres from the hair of Zebu breed of cattle. Composite samples of filler loadings 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt% were prepared. The samples were buried under the ground to investigate the effect of composting on the mechanical properties of the composites. Results obtained showed a general decrease in the mechanical properties tested. Composting had degradation effect on the composites.

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The low mechanical properties of natural fibre composites have limited their use in engineering applications, paving ways for synthetic fibres that are ecologically non-sustainable. This study is targeted at finding suitable and acceptable industrial application of kenaf natural fibres in engineering solutions via a new treatment method. Kenaf bast fibre reinforced ABS composites were developed with the purpose of reducing intrinsic high moisture absorption and improving fibre–matrix interface. Treatment of the fibres were done with sodium hydroxide solution, then coated with thermosetting epoxy resin before composite fabrication. The treated and coated kenaf fibre (ENKF), coated kenaf fibre (EKF) and natural kenaf fibre (KF) fibres were incorporated into ABS at 10 wt% constant fibre loading. Melt-mixing was done using twin- screw extruder before compression moulding at a temperature of 240 °C, pressure of 65 kg/m2 for 5 minutes. FTIR and SEM analyses were conducted on the untreated, treated and coated fibres. Mechanical properties such as three-point bending, impact, and tensile properties of the constituent ENKF/ABS, EKF/ABS and KF/ABS composites and the fracture properties were also studied with varying fibre loadings of up to 15 wt%. The results show that the coating was effective in reducing the peaks intensity for the FTIR analysis, all the properties of kenaf/ABS composites were better improved by the new surface coating treatment with epoxy resin than the NaOH treated composites with EKF/ABS composites having superior properties than ENKF/ABS composites. Both were better than KF/ABS that exhibited poor interfacial bonding leading to lower mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of the composites recorded an increase in value with increasing fibre loading up to 15 wt%. FESEM studies of EKF/ABS and ENKF/ABS revealed the absence of debonding and delamination due to coating. Kenaf natural fibre composite properties can thus be improved further by coating, finding increased applications in industrial productions

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Clothing from pre-historic time till date has served the same basic human needs. These needs are protection, adornment, identification, modesty and status. But adolescents only see clothing as a way to be accepted, respected and a way to attract favorable attention. This paper looked into adolescents developmental needs as they affect their clothing selection. Some of their major identified needs are physical, social, cognitive and emotional, while some basic factors that affected their clothing selections are technology, media, wealth, peer group pressure, fashion, identity, personality, among others. The paper also discussed clothing in relation to adolescents’ urge to dressing, and ways to help them develop morally. Conclusion was made and recommendations stated. It was recommended among others that adolescents should be listened to and helped in their clothing selection. Parents should also support them morally and financially where necessary so as not to deviate into immoral acts.

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Members of the family can create wealth for the family’s survival by engaging themselves in many handcrafts, using simple equipment, in order to earn their living and live comfortably. The paper examines wealthcreation through handcraft for diversification of family economy, by looking at what wealth creation is and the strategies to employ for wealth creation. It also looks at various handcrafts members of the family can be engage in and what factors to consider before selecting any handcraft. Also, it looks at ways handcrafts candiversify the family economy. Family member should bear in mind the money at hand, time for the completion of the chosen craft and the expected audience should be considered before starting any handcraft. It was recommended that the chosen handcraft by family members should be relevant to the societal needs, within the family’s means and income, the craft must also be creative and innovative, as well as it being pleasing to the eyes

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Computers have led to the development of new technology for which fashion has not been left out. One of the expectations of graduates of Home Economics Education in the Federal College of Education, Zaria is to enter into gainful employment with the carrier and technical training they have acquired. Information and communication technology tools are not applied in the teaching and learning of clothing and textile in the area of study as a result of that they find it difficult to understand pattern technology, garment technology and Fashion illustration. In spite of the importance of Clothing to man as food and shelter, students still find it difficult to cope with Clothing and Textiles education in Federal College of Education, Zaria. The paper recommends that, the Management should be well focused and persists in the support on the uses of ICT in teaching and learning so that students will show positive attitudes towards using computer program on learning pattern drafting. And the practical teaching hours in pattern drafting, garment construction and cutting out be increased.

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A study of the effects of waste coir and waste polypropylene on the mechanical properties of virgin polypropylene was investigated. The coir fibres (filler) were treated with NaOH to improve properties and enhance better adhesion between matrix (PP) and filler (coir fibre) before compounding it with waste PP which was washed and crushed. Virgin PP was obtained and blended with the waste PP to determine best ratio blends. The filler was weighed and combined with waste PP into a 100mm x 100 mm x 3mm composite. Mechanical tests such as tensile, flexural, impact and hardness Shore D were carried out to determine best possible blend ratios and end uses

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This study investigates the Processing and Evaluation of Horn Fibre reinforced polypropylene. A new functional composite has been developed using particles of defatted cow horn fibre and charcoal which act as a compatibilizer and natural colorant and waste polypropylene. Physical and Mechanical properties of the composite with varying wt% of polypropylene/Hf/charcoal have been characterized and compared with the properties of waste PP as the control sample. Results showed that incorporation of Hf/charcoal increased some of the mechanical properties such as Tensile strength, Flexural, impact, hardness and density, compared to 100 % PP. The waste horn fibre/PP and charcoal composite is a product of the cleanup of Kaduna Polytechnic waste polypropylene broken chairs and tables from the hall and surrounding using natural wastes (horn fibres) as a stiffener and charcoal as a natural colorant and can be used in fields like automotive, chairs and tables, computer parts, construction, and house ware etc

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A series of monoazo disperse dyes were synthesized using 4-amino-N-hexadecyl-1, 8-naphthalimide by coupling with different substituted electron rich arenes in appropriate reaction conditions. The synthesized diazo component and the dyes were purified by recrystallization method. The structures of the diazo component and the dyes were confirmed using UV-visible, FT-IR, NMR and MS spectroscopic techniques. Spectrophotometric investigations of the dyes in solvents of different polarities were carried out in order to obtain their absorption maxima, molar extinction coefficient and solvatochromic effects. These dyes were applied on polyester fabrics using High Temperature and High Pressure (HTHP) exhaust dyeing method. The dyeing characteristics such as build up on fabrics, wash, perspiration and light fastness were examined. The dyed fabric generally gave deep and bright hue ranging from light yellow, orange, maroon and neon red. The colour fastness of the dyed fabrics to washing and perspiration were examined to be very good, however, the light fastness was found to be fair to good.

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ABSTRACT In the interest of sustainable development and production of eco-friendly bio-composites, the use of natural fillers with synthetic resins in the production of composites has been the new trend in composite manufacture. In this study, calabash particles (CP) were used as filler in high density polyethylene (HDPE) to produce bio-composites. The calabash which was grinded and sieved into 125µm was introduced at 10% variation up to 50% filler loading followed by compounding and thereafter compression moulded. Two types of composites were prepared, in one, Maleic Anhydride (MA) as coupling agent was introduced at 3% on the weight of the filler together with an initiator Benzoyl Peroxide (BP) at 1% to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the CP and HDPE and in another no coupling agent was used. The result of tensile, flexural, impact strength hand tensile modulus shows increase from 0 to 40% filler loading of composites with coupling agent representing 21.61, 32.11, 63.16 and 42.97% increase respectively, but shows decreasing trend for composites without coupling agent with the exception of tensile modulus and hardness which increased from 0 to 50% filler loading representing 71.9% increase and 76.46% increase respectively. Also, SEM micrographs for the fractured surfaces show even dispersion of the filler particles in the composite with coupling agent and show signs of agglomeration for composites without coupling agent.

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The Industrial design in Nigeria is a potential and an agent for expanding various roles of industrial sectors in order to empower the youth that is skillful in Industrial Designs. This paper focuses on the industry (relatively low capital intensively low investment cost, that are able to use low skilled labour as a means that the industry is relatively footloose as well as able to adjust and to manage the market condition quickly as possible. It explains the manufacturing industries as the process of creating designs for mass production purposes in the industries. It further explains the uses of computer-aided design softwares for designing products as well as expressing design industries as agent of National development. It expresses in details the social aspect of Industrial design as well as the challenges facing industrial design in Nigeria which include Infrastructures and corruptions among others. Based on the above reasons, the paper focuses on expanding the roles of industrial design and likewise the attempts to begin the assessment of the impact of long-term policies on the design Industries as sectors that can employ on a largely supply of unskillful workers from formal and informal labour forces and proffers recommendations and conclusion.

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The service properties of selected made in Nigeria carpets have been investigated. Properties studied include; constructional details, fastness properties (wash fastness and light fastness), abrasion resistance, tuft withdrawal force, flammability test, static and dynamic loadings, electrostatic properties and soil retention properties. Assessment was carried out on those properties among the carpet samples and the results obtained shows that the density of the base materials, the characteristics of the pile yarns, the stitch density and the type of fibres used for the carpet as well as the type of finishing impacted on the carpet influenced the service properties of the carpet.

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A series of new mono azo dyes have been synthesized in moderate yield from diazotization of thiophene and coupling with R, H, J and ϒ acid. The dyes were characterized by spectral studies. The dyeing potentials were assessed by applying them on chrome tanned leather and nylon 6,6 substrates. The dyes were found to give shade of red dark blue and dark maroon .The synthesized dyes gave a maximum absorption within the UV- visible region with λmax515-597 nm and molar extinction coefficient ranging from (3.217-4.221 x 104 l/mol-1 cm -1) and the infra-red spectra showed peaks at 1582-1421cm1 (due to azo group (N=N) stretching vibration), at 3400 – 3200 cm-1 due to (OH&NH) medium & broad stretching vibration ), at 2830-26-95cm- 1 (due to aromatic group ( C-H) stretching vibration) , at 1760-1640 cm-1 (due to carbonyl group (C=O) stretching vibration), at 1342-1266 cm-1 (due to aromatic amine group (C-N) stretching vibration) and at 2260-2222 cm-1 ( due to nitrile ( C≡N ) stretching vibration). The dye exhibited good depth, affinity, levelling and brightness properties on the substrates. The dye gave a good percentage exhaustion on nylon 6.6 and on chrome tanned leather substrates ranging from (78-87%) and (63-75%) respectively. The chrome tanned leather gave a wash fastness rating ranging from (3 -5) good, very good to excellent respectively and nylon 6,6 gave a wash fastness rating ranging from (4-5) very good to excellent fastness properties and the light fastness properties of chrome tanned leather gave a fastness rating (4-7) moderate, good, very good and excellent and rubbing fastness rating (4-5) very good to excellent on both substrates. The good shades observed may be due to better substantivity on chrome tanned leather and nylon 6,6 fabrics

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This study was carried out to examine the involvement of Senior Secondary School Students on ICT related activities as well as the influence of ICT on their clothing culture. Two public and two private schools were randomly selected. Two hundred students completed the questionnaire. Relevant information was obtained using structured questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The respondents were equally distributed in terms of gender. Based on their perception of ICT on dress culture, 74.5% of the respondents agreed that frequent use of ICT has increased their level of fashion consciousness, while 60.5% were motivated by the images and dressing styles in magazines, on TV and the internet. The result further shows that male students were significantly more engaged in ICT related activities than females (t = 1.29, P<0.05), whereas there is no significant difference in the involvement in ICT activities between private and public school students (t = 0.325, P>0.05). The study adds to existing literature on the rationale for clothing selection and factors affecting such, one of which is ICT. Since ICT has influence on dressing, our traditional dress should be promoted on mass media

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The adsorption of reactive dye onto activated carbon obtained from cow bones was investigated. The effects of dye concentration and pH on the adsorption of the dye onto the activated carbon were similarly investigated. The optimum adsorption was obtained at dye concentration of 45 mg/L and pH 6 respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were employed to provide qualitative information on the capacity of the adsorbent as well as the nature of the solute-surface interaction. The correlation coefficient obtained for Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.6369) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.5823) indicates that Freundlich isothermal model is more fit for the adsorption process. By implication, the adsorption of Reactive Yellow FG onto the activated carbon can be referred to as a multilayer adsorption since the assumption of Freundlich’s equation is based on heterogeneous distribution of active sites.

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Composites were prepared from recycled low-density polyethylene (RLDPE) and cow hair using melt mixing and compression moulding technique. The fibres were treated with 0.2M H2O2 for improved adhesion. Composites of untreated and treated cow hair fibres were prepared with 0 to 50 wt% fibre loading at intervals of 10 wt% and their mechanical properties were evaluated. Results obtained show a remarkable increase in the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the composites filled with H2O2 treated cow hair fibres. At 30% filler loading of the treated fibres the tensile strength improved from 7.45 MPa to 9.62 MPa. The Tensile Modulus increased from 4.4 MPa to 33.58 MPa at 40 % filler loading. The Flexural strength and flexural modulus markedly improved from 13.29 MPa to 24 MPa and from 67.44 MPa to 292.26 MPa respectively. SEM micrographs of the tensile fractured surfaces revealed enhanced fibre-matrix interfacial adhesion with the modified hair fibres.

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The dyeing properties of dyes synthesized from 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole (Dye 1) and 2-amino-4-methyl-5- carbathoxythiazole (Dye 2) on leather were studied. The effects of pH, temperature, dye concentration, dyeing time as well as rubbing and light fastness properties of the dyes were evaluated. Results obtained indicate that the dyes used were absorbed optimally at pH 3. It was found that increase in dyeing time increases percent exhaustion such that 60 % exhaustion in 20 min. was increased to 85-90 % in 40-60 min. The exhaustion of Dye 1 was 89.4 % at 50 oC while that of Dye 2 was 92 % at 65 oC. The dyeings showed very good fastness to rubbing and good fastness to light

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This research work produced a reusable diaper and compared its properties, especially absorbency with selected commercial disposable diapers in Nigeria market. The absorbency of two reputable commercial disposable diapers A and B in Nigeria were compared with the reusable diaper C. Absorbency test was carried out in action and also in a saline solution. The result shows that all the diapers have good absorbency. Diaper A has the highest absorbency of see fig.1 which was closely followed by diaper B with 86.00% while diaper C has absorbency of see Fig.1. Though diaper C has see fig.1 percentage absorbance, it is relatively close to those of A and B, thus, compares favourably given that it is not a onetime use diaper. The dimensional stability of the reusable diaper C was found to be excellent with no obvious shrinkage after three washes. Again, from the economic view point, the reusable diaper is cheaper on the long run when the cost of its production was compared to the prevailing market price of all the commercial disposable diapers

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Pristine Multiwalled Carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were dispersed in two selected surfactants and their mixture using a probe sonicator at room temperature. The results presented in this article apply only to the short-length MWNT. The dispersions achieved generally ranged from very poor to average. In the average category, the solvents ranked o-Dichloro benzene > Dimethyl formamide > Tetrahydrofuran. The surfactants and one of the mixtures performed better than average with Sodium lauroamphoacetate (Miranol) > Cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) > Miranol/CPC mixture (50:50). The higher the aspect ratio, the more difficult they are to disperse; the shorter the nanotubes, the better and more uniform the dispersion obtained. Miranol was then applied (dyed) on Polyester fabrics and various chroma Characteristics obtained.

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This study was aimed at investigating the effects of filler particle size on mechanical properties of waste polypropylene (wPP) / date seed particles (DSP) composites. Filler particle size of 63, 125, 250, 500 and 750 µm were used at 20 % filler loading. The composites obtained were subjected to mechanical tests (tensile and flexural test, impact test and hardness HV) and the morphological analysis was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile, flexural and impact strength and elongation at break were observed to decrease with increase in filler particle size, while tensile modulus, flexural modulus and hardness (HV) increased with increase in filler particle size. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tensile fractured surfaces revealed a better particles distribution at 63 µm than 250 µm and 750 µm where agglomerations and interfacial gaps were observed